Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach najstarsza uczelnia na Górnym Śląsku. Kształcimy studentów na 26 kierunkach, 73 specjalnościach Third, follow the rules and format of the work. Don't just handle a piece of paper filled with text, divide them into several important parts, like thesis, introduction, conclusion. Fourth, check the spelling and grammar. It's not the letter writing paper, you're not sending wishes to your grandma Ensure you request for assistant if you can’t find the section. When you are done the system will automatically calculate for you the amount you are expected to pay for your order depending on the details you give such as subject area, number of pages, urgency, and academic level. After filling out the order form, you fill in the sign up details
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The prophetic article was followed by the best-selling book of the same title. Inforeign thesis payroll system, Deepa Prahalad, foreign thesis payroll system, C. With the end of the Cold War, foreign thesis payroll system, the former Soviet Union and its allies, as well as China, India, foreign thesis payroll system Latin America, opened their closed markets to foreign investment foreign thesis payroll system a cascading fashion.
Although this significant economic and social transformation has offered vast new growth opportunities for multinational corporations MNCsits promise has yet to be realized. To make matters worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises have greatly diminished the attractiveness of emerging markets. As a consequence, many MNCs worldwide slowed investments and began to rethink risk—reward structures for these markets.
This retreat could become even more pronounced in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States last September. The real source of market promise is not the wealthy few in the developing world, or even the emerging middle-income consumers: It is the billions of aspiring poor who are joining the market economy for the first time.
This is a time for MNCs to look at globalization strategies through a new lens of inclusive capitalism. For companies with the resources and persistence to compete at the bottom of the world economic pyramid, the prospective rewards include growth, profits, and incalculable contributions to humankind. Foreign thesis payroll system will require MNCs to reevaluate price—performance relationships for products and services. It will demand a new level of capital efficiency and new ways of measuring financial success.
Four Consumer Tiers At the very top of the world economic pyramid are 75 to million affluent Tier 1 consumers from around the world. See Exhibit 1. This is a cosmopolitan group composed of middle- and upper-income people in developed countries and the few rich elites from the developing world.
Now consider the 4 billion people in Tier 4, at the bottom of the pyramid. Their annual per capita income — based on purchasing power parity in U. Even more significant, the income gap between rich and poor is growing. According to the United Nations, the richest 20 percent in the world accounted for about 70 percent of total income in Inthat figure reached 85 percent.
Over the same period, the fraction of income accruing to the poorest 20 percent in the world fell from 2. This extreme inequity of wealth distribution reinforces the view that the foreign thesis payroll system cannot participate in the global market economy, even though they constitute the majority of the population. In fact, given its vast size, Tier 4 represents a multitrillion-dollar market.
The perception that the bottom of the pyramid is not a viable market also fails to take into account the growing importance of the informal economy among the poorest of the poor, which by some estimates accounts for 40 to 60 percent of all economic activity in developing countries. Most Tier 4 people live in rural villages, foreign thesis payroll system, or urban foreign thesis payroll system and shantytowns, and they usually do not hold legal title or deed to their assets e.
They have little or no formal education and are hard to reach via conventional distribution, credit, foreign thesis payroll system, and communications. The quality and quantity of products and services available in Tier 4 is generally low. Therefore, much foreign thesis payroll system an iceberg with only its tip in plain view, this massive segment of the global population — along with its massive market opportunities — has remained largely invisible to the corporate sector.
Fortunately, the Tier 4 market is wide open for technological innovation. To re-create those types of consumption patterns in developing countries would be disastrous. We have seen how the disenfranchised in Tier 4 can disrupt the way of life and safety of the rich in Tier 1 — poverty breeds discontent and extremism.
Although complete income equality is an ideological pipe dream, the use of commercial development to bring people out of poverty and give them the chance for a better life is critical to the stability and health of the global economy and the continued success of Western MNCs. The Invisible Opportunity Among the top MNCs in the world, the overwhelming majority are based in developed countries.
corporations dominate, with 82; Japanese firms, foreign thesis payroll system, with 41, are second, according to a list compiled in December by the Washington, D.
Perception of market opportunity is a function of the way many managers are socialized to think and the analytical tools they use. Most MNCs automatically dismiss the bottom of the pyramid because they judge the market based on income or selections of products and services appropriate for developed countries, foreign thesis payroll system.
To appreciate the market potential of Tier 4, MNCs must come to terms with a set of core assumptions and practices that influence their view of developing countries. We have identified the following as widely shared orthodoxies that must be reexamined:.
Each of these key assumptions obscures the value at the bottom of the pyramid. Conventional economic wisdom suggests if the bill really existed, someone would already have picked it up! Consider the drivers of innovation and opportunities for companies in Tier 4. See Exhibit 2. MNCs must recognize that this market poses a major new challenge: how to combine low cost, good quality, foreign thesis payroll system, and profitability. Furthermore, MNCs cannot exploit these new opportunities without radically rethinking how they go to market.
Exhibit 3 suggests some but by no means all areas where an entirely new perspective is required to create profitable markets in Tier 4. Tier 4 Pioneers Hindustan Lever Ltd. In the s, a local firm, Nirma Ltd, foreign thesis payroll system. In fact, Nirma created a new business system that included a new product formulation, low-cost manufacturing process, wide distribution network, special packaging for daily purchasing, and value pricing.
However, as Nirma grew rapidly, HLL could see its local competitor was winning in a market it had disregarded. Ultimately, HLL saw its vulnerability and its opportunity: Inthe company responded with its own offering for this market, drastically altering its traditional business model. HLL decentralized the production, marketing, and distribution of the product to leverage the abundant labor pool in rural India, quickly creating sales channels through the thousands of small outlets where people at the bottom of the pyramid shop.
HLL also changed the cost structure of its detergent business so it could introduce Wheel at a low price point. Today, Nirma and HLL are close competitors in the detergent market, with 38 percent market share each, according to IndiaInfoline.
com, a business intelligence and market research service. See Exhibit 4. Contrary to popular assumptions, the poor can be a very profitable market — especially if MNCs change their business models, foreign thesis payroll system. Specifically, Tier 4 is not a market that allows for the traditional pursuit of high margins; instead, profits are driven by volume and capital efficiency. Margins are likely to be low by current normsforeign thesis payroll system, but unit sales can be extremely high.
Managers who focus on gross margins will miss the opportunity at the bottom of the pyramid; managers who innovate and focus on economic profit will be rewarded. Nirma has become one of the largest branded detergent makers in the world. Meanwhile, HLL, stimulated by its emergent rival and its changed business model, registered a 20 percent growth in revenues per year and a 25 percent growth in profits per year between and More important, Unilever has adopted the bottom of the pyramid as a corporate strategic priority.
As the Unilever example makes clear, the starting assumption must be that serving Tier 4 involves foreign thesis payroll system together the best of technology and a global resource base to address local market conditions.
Cheap and low-quality products are not the goal. The potential of Tier foreign thesis payroll system cannot be realized without an entrepreneurial orientation: The real strategic challenge for managers is to visualize an active market where only abject poverty exists today, foreign thesis payroll system.
It takes tremendous imagination and creativity to engineer a market infrastructure out of a completely unorganized sector. Serving Tier 4 markets is not the same as serving existing markets better or more efficiently. Managers first must develop a foreign thesis payroll system infrastructure tailored to the needs and challenges of Tier 4.
Further, contrary to more conventional investment strategies, no firm can do this alone. Multiple players must be involved, including local governmental authorities, nongovernmental organizations NGOscommunities, financial institutions, and other companies.
Four elements — creating buying power, shaping aspirations, improving access, and tailoring local solutions — are the keys to a thriving Tier 4 market. See Exhibit 5. Each of these four elements demands innovation in technology, business models, and management processes.
And business leaders must be willing to experiment, collaborate, empower locals, and create new sources of competitive advantage and wealth. To do so effectively, two interventions are crucial — providing access to credit, and increasing the earning potential of the poor.
A few farsighted companies have already begun to blaze this trail with startlingly positive results. Commercial credit historically has been unavailable to the very poor. Even if those living in poverty had access to a bank, without collateral it is hard to get credit from the traditional banking system.
As Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto demonstrates in his pathbreaking work, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Elsecommercial credit is central to building a market economy. Access to credit in the U. has allowed people of modest means to systematically build their equity and make major purchases, such as houses, cars, and education.
Developing countries have tried governmental subsidies to free the poor from the cycle of poverty, with little success. Even if the poor were able to benefit from government support to start small businesses, their dependence on credit from local moneylenders charging foreign thesis payroll system rates makes it impossible to succeed.
Local moneylenders in Mumbai, India, charge interest rates of up to 20 percent per day. This means that a vegetable vendor who borrows Rs. Extending credit to the poor so they can elevate themselves economically is not a new idea.
Consider how I. The same logic applies on a much larger scale in Tier 4. Consider the experience of the Grameen Bank Ltd. in Bangladesh, one of the first in the world to apply a microlending model in commercial banking. Started just over 20 years ago by Muhammad Yunus, then a professor in the Economics Department at Chittagong University, foreign thesis payroll system, Bangladesh, Grameen Bank pioneered a lending service for the poor that has inspired thousands of microlenders, serving 25 million clients worldwide, in developing countries and wealthy nations, including the United States and Great Britain.
Ninety-five percent of its 2. Foreign thesis payroll system for loans must have their proposals thoroughly evaluated and supported by five nonfamily members of the community. In this way, lending due diligence is accomplished without the mountain of paperwork and arcane language common in the West. With 1, branches, Grameen Bank today provides microcredit services in more than 40, villages, more than half the total number in Bangladesh.
As ofGrameen Bank had achieved a 95 percent repayment rate, higher than any other bank in the Indian subcontinent. However, foreign thesis payroll system popularity of its services has also spawned more local competitors, which has cut into its portfolio and shrunk its profits over the past few years.
Historically, the bank was an entirely manual, field-based operation, a structure that undercut its efficiency. Today, spin-offs such as Grameen Telecom a provider of village phone service and Grameen Shakti a developer of renewable energy sources are helping Grameen Bank build a technology infrastructure to automate its processes.
International Trade Explained - World101
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The Beale thesis was widely disseminated by the influential survey of Charles A. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (). [43] [44] In the late s historians rejected the Beale–Beard thesis by showing that Northern businessmen were evenly divided on the tariff, and were not using Reconstruction policies to support it Get 24⁄7 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. We will guide you on how to place your essay help, proofreading and editing your draft – fixing the grammar, spelling, or formatting of your paper easily and cheaply Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS): An Internet-based system that maintains records of foreign students and exchange visitors before and during their stay in the United States. It is part of the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) managed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
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